Randomized controlled trials are needed to evaluate whether cancer prevention may benefit from vitamin D supplementation. Observational studies have reported associations between low sun exposure, poor vitamin D status, and increased risk of developing colorectal and breast cancer. Vitamin D can regulate cell differentiation and growth by binding to the vitamin D receptor found in most body cells. Randomized clinical trials indicate that supplementation with at least 800 IU/day of vitamin D may reduce the risk of falls and fractures in older individuals. Secondary hyperparathyroidism due to vitamin D insufficiency can increase bone breakdown and precipitate osteoporosis. Severe vitamin D deficiency causes rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. Vitamin D is important for normal bone development and maintenance. Vitamin D also exhibits many non-skeletal effects, particularly on the immune, endocrine, and cardiovascular systems. Vitamin D is essential for maintenance of bone mineralization through the regulation of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. Through binding to the vitamin D receptor (VDR), 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D can regulate the expression of hundreds of genes involved in skeletal and other biological functions. Vitamin D can be synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight and is then metabolized in the liver and kidney to the metabolically active form called 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Healthcare Professional Continuing Education.Chlorophyll and Metallo-Chlorophyll Derivatives.

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